Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nophuculo lwetekhnoloji yokubekwa kwesathelayithi, itekhnoloji yokubeka itekhnoloji echanekileyo isetyenzisiwe kuzo zonke iindlela zobomi kubomi banamhlanje, njengokuphonononga kunye nokwenza imephu, ukuchaneka kwezolimo, uav, ukuqhuba okungenamntu kunye namanye amacandelo, itekhnoloji yokubeka indawo echanekileyo. inokubonwa yonke indawo.Ngokukodwa, ngokugqitywa kwenethiwekhi yesizukulwana esitsha se-Beidou navigation system ye-satellite kunye nokufika kwexesha le-5G, uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-Beidou + 5G kulindeleke ukuba lukhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha obuchanekileyo bokumisa kwiindawo zokucwangciswa kwesikhululo seenqwelomoya. , ukuhlolwa kwerobhothi, ukujonga isithuthi, ulawulo lolungiselelo kunye nezinye iinkalo.Ukuzaliseka kweteknoloji yokubeka i-high precision positioning ayinakuhlukaniswa kwinkxaso ye-antenna echanekileyo, i-algorithm ephezulu yokuchaneka kunye nekhadi lebhodi elichanekileyo eliphezulu.Eli phepha lazisa ikakhulu uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-eriyali echanekileyo ephezulu, ubume beteknoloji kunye nokunye.

1. Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-eriyali ye-GNSS echanekileyo

1.1 I-eriyali echanekileyo

Kwi-FIELD ye-GNSS, i-antenna echanekileyo luhlobo lwe-antenna eneemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokuzinza kweziko lesigaba se-antenna.Ngokuqhelekileyo idibaniswe nebhodi echanekileyo ephezulu ukuze iqonde ukubeka okuphezulu kwe-centimeter-level okanye i-millimeter-level.Kuyilo lwe-antenna echanekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iimfuno ezikhethekileyo kwezi zikhombisi zilandelayo: ububanzi be-antenna beam, ukuphakama okuphantsi kokuphakama, ukungajikelezi, i-coefficient ye-roll drop, i-front and back ratio, i-anti-multi-path, njl. ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga kuchaphazela ukuzinza kweziko lesigaba se-antenna, kwaye emva koko kuchaphazela ukuchaneka kokubeka.

1.2 Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuhlelwa kwe-antenna ephezulu

I-eriyali ye-GNSS echaneke kakhulu yaqale yasetyenziswa kwinkalo yovavanyo kunye nokwenza imephu ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuchaneka kokumiswa kwenqanaba lemilimitha emileyo kwinkqubo yonyuso lobunjineli, imephu yendawo kunye novavanyo lolawulo olwahlukeneyo.Ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kwetekhnoloji yokumisa ikhula ngakumbi, i-eriyali yokuchaneka okuphezulu isetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwiindawo ezininzi, kubandakanywa isikhululo sesalathiso esiqhubekayo, ukubeka iliso kuguquko, ukujonga inyikima, umlinganiselo wovavanyo kunye nemephu, izithuthi zasemoyeni ezingaphathwanga (uavs), iindawo ezichanekileyo. ezolimo, ukuqhuba ngokuzenzekelayo, uqeqesho lokuqhuba uvavanyo lokuqhuba, oomatshini bobunjineli kunye nezinye iindawo zoshishino, kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo kwimfuno yesalathiso se-eriyali nayo inomahluko ocacileyo.

1.2.1 Inkqubo ye-CORS, ukujongwa kwideformation, ukujonga inyikima – i-eriyali yesikhululo sesalathiso

Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwe-antenna kusetyenziswe isikhululo sesalathiso esiqhubekayo sokusebenza, ngokuqwalaselwa kwexesha elide lolwazi oluchanekileyo lwendawo, kunye nenkqubo yonxibelelwano lwedatha ngexesha lokwenyani lokuhanjiswa kwedatha kwiziko lolawulo, impazamo yendawo yeziko lolawulo elibaliweyo emva kweeparamitha zolungiso ukuphucula inkqubo yomhlaba, kunye nenkwenkwezi kwi-waas yokuphucula inkqubo, njl., ukuthumela imiyalezo yempazamo kwi-rover (umxhasi), Okokugqibela, umsebenzisi unokufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo lolungelelwaniso [1].

Ekusetyenzisweni kwe-deformation monitoring, ukubeka iliso kwinyikima kunye nokunye, ngenxa yesidingo sokubeka iliso ngokuchanekileyo inani le-deformation, ukufunyanwa kwe-deformation encinci, ukwenzela ukuba uqikelele ukwenzeka kweentlekele zendalo.

Ke ngoko, kuyilo lwe-antenna echanekileyo ephezulu yezicelo ezinje ngesikhululo sokusebenza esiqhubekayo, ukubekwa iliso kuguquko kunye nokubekwa kweliso kwenyikima, eyona ngqwalasela kufuneka ibe luzinzo lwenqanaba eligqwesileyo kwiziko kunye nobuchule bokuchasana nokuphazamiseka kweendlela ezininzi, ukuze kubonelelwe ngexesha lokwenyani elichanekileyo. ulwazi lwendawo kwiisistim ezahlukeneyo ezandisiweyo.Ukongeza, ukuze unikeze uninzi lweeparamitha zolungiso lwesathelayithi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, i-eriyali kufuneka ifumane iisathelayithi ezininzi kangangoko, isistim emine egcwele ibhendi yefrikhwensi iye yaba lulungiselelo oluqhelekileyo.Kolu hlobo lwesicelo, i-antenna yesikhululo sokungqinisisa (i-antenna yesikhululo somkhombandlela) egquma ibhendi yonke yeenkqubo ezine idla ngokusetyenziswa njengeeriyali yokujonga inkqubo.

1.2.2 Uvavanyo kunye nokwenza imephu – i-eriyali yovavanyo eyakhelweyo

Kwintsimi yokuhlola kunye nemephu, kuyimfuneko ukuyila i-antenna yokuhlola eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi ekulula ukuyidibanisa.I-eriyali iqhele ukwakhelwa phezulu kummkeli we-RTK ukufezekisa ixesha lokwenyani kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu kwindawo yokuhlola kunye nemephu.

Eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yokulinganisa i-antenna ekuqwalaselweni okuphambili kuyilo lokuzinza rhoqo, ukugubungela umqadi, iziko lesigaba, ubungakanani be-antenna, njl. ekulinganiseni i-eriyali ngokuthe ngcembe ithatha esona sabelo semarike siphambili, ukusukela oko yasungulwa ngo-2016 luninzi lwabavelisi be-RTK abafumanayo, Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye yakhuthazwa.

1.2.3 Uvavanyo lokuqhuba noqeqesho lokuqhuba, ukuqhuba ungaqhutywa mntu – i-eriyali yokulinganisa yangaphandle

Inkqubo yovavanyo lwendabuko yokuqhuba inezinto ezininzi ezingalunganga, ezifana neendleko ezinkulu zokufaka, iindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko, impembelelo enkulu yokusingqongileyo, ukuchaneka okuphantsi, njl. Emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-antenna echanekileyo kwindlela yokuvavanya ukuqhuba, inkqubo iyatshintsha ukusuka kuvavanyo lwezandla. kuvavanyo olukrelekrele, kwaye ukuchaneka kovavanyo kuphezulu, okunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zomntu kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zovavanyo lokuqhuba.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubo yokuqhuba engenabantu iye yakhula ngokukhawuleza.Ekuqhubeni okungaqhutywayo, itekhnoloji yokubeka i-RTK yokuchaneka okuphezulu kwe-RTK kunye ne-inertial navigation edityanisiweyo iqhele ukwamkelwa, enokufikelela kwindawo ephezulu yokuchaneka kwiindawo ezininzi.

Kuvavanyo lokuqhuba uqeqesho lokuqhuba, olufana neenkqubo ezingaqhutywa mntu, ngokufuthi i-eriyali ilinganiswa nefom yangaphandle, isidingo sokusebenza rhoqo, i-antenna ephindaphinda kaninzi enenkqubo eninzi inokufezekisa ukuchaneka kokuma okuphezulu, umqondiso weendlela ezininzi unothintelo oluthile, kunye nokusingqongileyo okulungileyo. ukuguquguquka, kunokusetyenziswa ixesha elide kwindawo yangaphandle ngaphandle kokusilela.

1.2.4 I-UAV — I-antenna echanekileyo ephezulu

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini le-uav liphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza.I-Uav isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kukhuseleko lwezityalo zezolimo, ukuhlola kunye nokwenza iimephu, ukujikeleza kwentambo yombane kunye nezinye iimeko.Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kuphela ixhotywe nge-antenna ephezulu echanekileyo inokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko lwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.Ngenxa yeempawu zesantya esiphezulu, umthwalo okhanyayo kunye nonyamezelo olufutshane lwe-uav, uyilo lwe-antenna echanekileyo echanekileyo igxile kakhulu kubunzima, ubungakanani, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nezinye izinto, kwaye iqonda uyilo lwebroadband kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa. ubunzima kunye nobukhulu.

2, ubume beteknoloji ye-eriyali ye-GNSS ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe

2.1 Imeko yangoku yeteknoloji ye-eriyali yangaphandle echanekileyo

Uphando lwamazwe angaphandle kwi-eriyali echaneke kakhulu luqale kwangoko, kwaye uluhlu lweemveliso ze-eriyali ezichanekileyo eziphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ziye zaphuhliswa, ezifana ne-GNSS 750 uchungechunge lwe-antenna ye-NoVatel, i-antenna ye-Zepryr ye-Trimble, i-eriyali ye-Leica AR25, njl. apho kukho iifom ezininzi ze-eriyali ezinokubaluleka okukhulu kokuqamba.Ke ngoko, kwixesha elidlulileyo ixesha elide, imarike ye-antenna echanekileyo yaseTshayina iphuma kulawulo lweemveliso zangaphandle.Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka elishumi yakutshanje, ngokunyuka kwenani elikhulu labavelisi basekhaya, ukusebenza kwe-antenna yangaphandle ye-GNSS echanekileyo ayinayo inzuzo, kodwa abavelisi basekhaya abachanekileyo baqala ukwandisa imarike kumazwe angaphandle.

Ukongeza, abanye abavelisi be-eriyali be-GNSS abatsha baye baphuhliswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, njengeMaxtena, iTallysman, njl.Ifom ye-eriyali idla ngokuba yi-eriyali ye-microstrip ene-dielectric engaguqukiyo okanye i-eriyali ene-arm spiral.Kolu hlobo lwetekhnoloji yoyilo lwe-antenna, abavelisi bamanye amazwe abanayo inzuzo, iimveliso zasekhaya nezangaphandle zingena kwixesha lokhuphiswano olulinganayo.

2.2 Imeko yangoku yeteknoloji ye-antenna yasekhaya echanekileyo

Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, inani labavelisi be-antenna basekhaya abachanekileyo baqala ukukhula kwaye dephuhlisa, njenge-Huaxin Antenna, i-Zhonghaida, i-Dingyao, i-Jiali Electronics, njl., ephuhlise uthotho lweemveliso ze-eriyali ezichanekileyo eziphezulu kunye namalungelo azimeleyo epropathi yengqondo.

Ngokomzekelo, kwintsimi ye-antenna yesikhululo sereferensi kunye ne-antenna yokulinganisa eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi, i-antenna ye-HUaxin ye-3D yokuxubha kunye ne-antenna epheleleyo edibeneyo ye-netcom ayifikeleli kuphela kwinqanaba elihamba phambili lamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ihlangabezana neemfuno zezicelo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ezinokuthembeka okuphezulu, ubomi benkonzo ende kunye nezinga lokungaphumeleli eliphantsi kakhulu.

Kwishishini lezithuthi, i-uav kunye namanye amashishini, itekhnoloji yoyilo lwe-antenna yokulinganisa yangaphandle kunye ne-antenna ye-arm spiral sele ikhulile, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekusebenziseni inkqubo yovavanyo lokuqhuba, ukuqhuba okungekho mntu, uav kunye namanye amashishini, kwaye uzuze iinzuzo ezilungileyo kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo.

3. Imeko yangoku kunye nethemba lemarike ye-antenna ye-GNSS

Ngo-2018, ixabiso lilonke lemveliso ye-Satellite yokukhangela i-satellite kunye nemboni yenkonzo yendawo ifikelele kwi-301.6 yezigidigidi ze-YUAN, i-18.3% xa ithelekiswa ne-2017 [2], kwaye iya kufikelela kwi-yuan ye-400 yezigidigidi ngo-2020;Ngo-2019, ixabiso lilonke lemakethi yokukhangela ngesathelayithi yehlabathi yayizibhiliyoni ezili-150 zee-euro, kwaye inani labasebenzisi be-GNSS bafikelela kwi-6.4 yeebhiliyoni.Ishishini le-GNSS lelinye lamashishini ambalwa athintele ukudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi.I-Arhente ye-GNSS yaseYurophu iqikelela ukuba imakethi yokukhangela ngesathelayithi yehlabathi iya kuphinda kabini ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-300 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro kule minyaka ilishumi izayo, kunye nenani leetheminali ze-GNSS ezanda ukuya kwi-9.5 yeebhiliyoni.

Imakethi yokuhamba ngesathelayithi yehlabathi jikelele, esetyenziswa ekuthunjweni ezindleleni, izithuthi zasemoyeni ezingaphathwanga kwiindawo ezinjengezixhobo ze-terminal kule minyaka ili-10 izayo lelona candelo likhula ngokukhawuleza kwintengiso: ubukrelekrele, isithuthi esingaphathwanga sesona sikhokelo sophuhliso, isithuthi sendlela sexesha elizayo. yesithuthi kufuneka ixhotyiswe nge-eriyali ye-GNSS inokuchaneka okuphezulu, ngoko ke imfuno enkulu yentengiso ye-eriyali ye-GNSS yokuqhuba ngokuzenzekelayo.Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo yezolimo yaseTshayina, ukusetyenziswa kwe-uav exhotyiswe nge-eriyali yokubeka echanekileyo, efana nokukhusela i-uav, iya kuqhubeka ikhula.

4. Intsingiselo yophuhliso lwe-eriyali ye-GNSS echanekileyo

Emva kweminyaka yophuhliso, ubuchwephesha obahlukeneyo be-eriyali ye-GNSS echanekileyo sele ikhulile, kodwa kusekho imiyalelo emininzi ekufuneka yaphulwe:

1. I-Miniaturization: I-miniaturization yezixhobo zombane yindlela yophuhliso lwanaphakade, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezifana ne-uav kunye ne-handheld, imfuno ye-antenna encinci ingxamiseke ngakumbi.Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwe-antenna kuya kuncitshiswa emva kwe-miniaturization.Indlela yokunciphisa ubukhulu be-eriyali ngelixa uqinisekisa ukusebenza okubanzi lukhokelo olubalulekileyo lophando lwe-eriyali echanekileyo.

2. Ubuchwephesha bokuchasana nobuninzi beendlela: Itekhnoloji echasene neendlela ezininzi ze-eriyali ye-GNSS ikakhulu ibandakanya itekhnoloji yekhoyili ekrwitshwayo [3], iteknoloji yemathiriyeli ye-electromagnetic [4][5], njl. ububanzi kunye neendleko eziphezulu, kwaye ayikwazi ukufikelela kuyilo jikelele.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukufunda iteknoloji ye-anti-multipath eneempawu ze-miniaturization kunye ne-broadband ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zesicelo.

3. Imisebenzi emininzi: Namhlanje, ukongeza kwi-antenna ye-GNSS, ngaphezu kwe-antenna enye yonxibelelwano ihlanganiswe kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo.Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano zinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwemiqondiso eyahlukeneyo kwi-eriyali ye-GNSS, echaphazela ulwamkelo oluqhelekileyo lwesathelayithi.Ke ngoko, uyilo oludityanisiweyo lwe-eriyali ye-GNSS kunye ne-eriyali yonxibelelwano yenzeka ngokudityaniswa kwemisebenzi emininzi, kwaye umphumo wokuphazamiseka phakathi kwee-eriyali uthathelwa ingqalelo ngexesha loyilo, olunokuphucula idigri yokudibanisa, ukuphucula iimpawu zokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-eriyali. umatshini wonke.