iindaba

Umgaqo osisiseko we-antenna

Umgaqo osisiseko we-eriyali kukuba i-high-frequency currents ivelisa ukutshintsha kombane kunye nemagnethi ejikeleze kuyo.Ngokutsho kwethiyori kaMaxwell ye-electromagnetic field, "ukutshintsha iindawo zombane kuvelisa imagnethi, kwaye ukutshintsha kwemagnethi kuvelisa iindawo zombane".Njengoko uchulumanco luqhubeka, usasazo lwesignali engenazingcingo luyenziwa.

Fumana i-coefficient

Umlinganiselo wamandla egalelo lilonke le-eriyali ibizwa ngokuba yi-coefficient yokuzuza okuphezulu kwe-eriyali.Yimbonakaliso ebanzi ngakumbi yokusetyenziswa ngokukuko kwe-eriyali yamandla e-RF ewonke kunomlinganiso wokuqondisa we-eriyali.Kwaye ibonakaliswe ngee-decibels.Inobungqina bemathematika ukuba i-coefficient yokuzuza okuphezulu kwe-eriyali ilingana nemveliso ye-eriyali yokuqondisa i-coefficient kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-antenna.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-eriyali

Lumlinganiselo wamandla asasazwa yi-eriyali (oko kukuthi, amandla aguqula ngokufanelekileyo inxalenye yamaza ombane) ukuya kwigalelo lamandla asebenzayo kwi-eriyali.Ihlala ingaphantsi ko-1.

I-antenna polarization wave

I-electromagnetic wave ihamba esithubeni, ukuba icala le vector yentsimi yombane lihlala limile okanye lijikeleza ngokomgaqo othile, oku kwakubizwa ngokuba yi-polarization wave, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-antenna polarization wave, okanye i-polarized wave.Ngokuqhelekileyo inokwahlulwa ibe yi-polarization yendiza (kubandakanya i-polarization ethe tyaba kunye ne-polarization ethe nkqo), i-circular polarization kunye ne-elliptic polarization.

Ulwalathiso lwepolarization

Isalathiso sentsimi yombane ye-polarized electromagnetic wave ibizwa ngokuba yipolarization direction.

Umphezulu wepolarization

Inqwelomoya eyenziwe yi-polarization direction kunye ne-propagation direction ye-polarized electromagnetic wave ibizwa ngokuba yi-polarization plane.

I-polarization ethe nkqo

I-polarization yamaza erediyo, rhoqo kunye nomhlaba njengomgangatho oqhelekileyo.I-polarization iliza umphezulu wayo wepolarization unxusene nomhlaba oqhelekileyo wendiza (inqwelomoya ethe nkqo) ibizwa ngokuba liza le-polarization elithe nkqo.Isalathiso sentsimi yayo yombane i-perpendicular emhlabeni.

I-polarization ethe tye

I-polarization wave ethe tyaba kumphezulu oqhelekileyo womhlaba ibizwa ngokuba yi-horizontal polarization wave.Isalathiso sentsimi yayo yombane ihambelana nomhlaba.

Inqwelomoya yepolarization

Ukuba i-polarization ye-electromagnetic wave isala kwicala elingaguqukiyo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-plane polarization, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-linear polarization.I-polarization ye-plane inokufumaneka kumacandelo ombane ohambelana nomhlaba (icandelo elithe tye) kunye ne-perpendicular kumphezulu womhlaba, i-amplitudes ye-spatial ine-arbitratory magnitudes.Zombini i-polarization ethe nkqo kunye nethe tyaba ziimeko ezikhethekileyo zepolarization yendiza.

I-polarization yesetyhula

Xa i-Angle phakathi kwendiza ye-polarization kunye ne-geodetic indiza yesiqhelo yamaza erediyo itshintsha ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-360 ° ngamaxesha, oko kukuthi, ubukhulu bebala lombane abutshintshi, ulwalathiso luyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye ne-trajectory yokuphela kwe-vector yentsimi yombane. iqikelelwa njengesangqa kwinqwelomoya ejonge kwicala lokusasaza, ibizwa ngokuba yi-circular polarization.I-polarization yesetyhula inokufumaneka xa iinqununu ezithe tye kunye nezithe nkqo kwintsimi yombane zine-amplitudes elinganayo kunye nokwahlukana kwesigaba se-90 ° okanye i-270 °.I-polarization yesetyhula, ukuba umphezulu wepolarization ujikeleza kunye nexesha kwaye unobudlelwane obufanelekileyo be-spiral kunye nesalathiso sosasazo lwe-electromagnetic wave, kubizwa ngokuba yi-right circular polarization;Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba ubudlelwane obujikelezayo obusekhohlo, uthe ukwahlukana kwesetyhula ekhohlo.

I-elliptical polarized

Ukuba i-engile phakathi kwendiza ye-polarization yerediyo kunye ne-geodetic yesiqhelo indiza iyatshintsha ngamaxesha athile ukusuka ku-0 ukuya kwi-2π, kwaye umkhondo wesiphelo se-vector yentsimi yombane iqikelelwa njenge-ellipse kwinqwelomoya ejonge kwicala losasazo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-elliptic. i-polarization.Xa i-amplitude kunye nesigaba sezinto ezithe nkqo kunye nezithe tye kwintsimi yombane zinemilinganiselo engafanelekanga (ngaphandle kokuba iinqununu ezimbini zilingana), i-elliptic polarization inokufumaneka.

I-eriyali yamaza ende, i-eriyali yamaza aphakathi

Ligama eliqhelekileyo lokuhambisa okanye ukufumana ii-eriyali ezisebenza kumaza amaza amade naphakathi.Amaza amade naphakathi asasazeka njengamaza asemhlabeni kunye namaza esibhakabhaka, ahlala ebonakaliswa phakathi kwe-ionosphere kunye nomhlaba.Ngokwale mpawu yosasazo, ii-eriyali zamaza amaza amade naphakathi kufuneka zikwazi ukuvelisa amaza athe nkqo.Kwi-antenna ende nephakathi, uhlobo oluthe nkqo, uhlobo lwe-L oluguquliweyo, uhlobo lwe-T kunye nohlobo lwe-antenna esezantsi ethe nkqo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Ii-eriyali zamaza ezinde neziphakathi kufuneka zibe nothungelwano olulungileyo lomhlaba.Kukho iingxaki ezininzi zobugcisa kwi-eriyali emide kunye nephakathi, njengobude obuncinci obusebenzayo, ukuxhathisa okuphantsi kwemitha, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphantsi, ibhendi yokupasa emxinwa kunye ne-coefficient encinci yendlela.Ukuze kulungiswe ezi ngxaki, ulwakhiwo lwe-eriyali luhlala lunzima kwaye lukhulu kakhulu.

I-eriyali yamaza amafutshane

Ii-eriyali ezithumelayo okanye ezamkelayo ezisebenza kwibhendi yamaza amafutshane ngokudibeneyo zibizwa ngokuba zii-eriyali zamaza amafutshane.Amaza amafutshane asasazwa ikakhulu ngamaza esibhakabhakeni abonakaliswa yi-ionosphere kwaye yenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zonxibelelwano lwanamhlanje lomgama omde.Kukho iindlela ezininzi ze-eriyali ye-shortwave, phakathi kwazo ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-eriyali elinganayo, i-eriyali ethe tyaba ekwisigaba, i-eriyali ephindwe kabini, i-eriyali eyi-angular, i-eriyali eyi-V, i-eriyali ye-rhombus, i-eriyali ye-fishbone njalo njalo.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-eriyali yobude obude, i-eriyali yamaza amafutshane ineengenelo zokuphakama okuphezulu okusebenzayo, ukuxhathisa okuphakamileyo kwimitha, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, ukwalathiso olungcono, inzuzo ephezulu kunye nebhendi yokupasa ebanzi.

I-eriyali yamaza e-Ultrashort

Ii-eriyali zokudlulisa kunye nokufumana ezisebenza kwi-ultrashort wave band zibizwa ngokuba zii-eriyali ze-ultrashort wave.Amaza e-Ultrashort ahamba kakhulu ngamaza asesithubeni.Kukho iindlela ezininzi zolu hlobo lwe-eriyali, phakathi kweyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu i-eriyali ye-Yaki, i-eriyali ye-conical dish, i-eriyali e-conical ephindwe kabini, "iphiko le-bat" ehambisa i-eriyali ye-TV njalo njalo.

I-antenna ye-microwave

Ukuhambisa okanye ukufumana i-eriyali ezisebenza kwiibhanti zamaza amaza amaza emitha, i-decimeter wave, i-centimeter wave kunye ne-millimeter wave zizonke zibizwa ngokuba zii-eriyali ze-microwave.I-Microwave ubukhulu becala ixhomekeke kwisithuba samaza ekusasazeni, ukuze kwandiswe umgama wonxibelelwano, i-eriyali imiselwe phezulu.Kwi-antenna ye-microwave, i-eriyali ye-paraboloid esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, i-eriyali ye-paraboloid ye-horn, i-eriyali yophondo, i-eriyali yelensi, i-eriyali edibeneyo, i-eriyali ye-dielectric, i-eriyali ye-periscope njalo njalo.

I-eriyali yomkhombandlela

I-eriyali yomkhomba-ndlela luhlobo lwe-eriyali ehambisa kwaye ifumane amaza ombane kwicala elinye okanye iindlela ezininzi ngokukodwa ngamandla, ngelixa ihambisa kwaye ifumana amaza ombane kwezinye iindawo inguziro okanye incinci kakhulu.Injongo yokusebenzisa i-eriyali yokuhambisa i-directional kukunyusa ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwamandla emitha kunye nokwandisa imfihlo.Eyona njongo iphambili yokusebenzisa i-eriyali yokufumana i-directional kukunyusa amandla okuthintela ukuphazamiseka.

I-eriyali engekho mkhomba ndlela

I-eriyali esasaza okanye efumana amaza ombane ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amacala ibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali engaguqukiyo, njenge-eriyali yesabhokhwe esetyenziswa kumatshini omncinci wonxibelelwano, njl.

I-eriyali yebhendi ebanzi

I-eriyali esalathiso sayo, i-impedance kunye nepropathi yepolarization zihlala zithe gqolo phezu kwebhendi ebanzi ibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali ebanzi.I-eriyali yokuqala ebanzi ine-eriyali ye-rhombus, i-eriyali engu-V, i-eriyali yamaza ephindwe kabini, i-eriyali ye-disk cone, njl.

Ukulungelelanisa i-eriyali

I-eriyali ene-eriyali emiselwe kwangaphambili kuphela kwibhendi yefrikhwensi emxinwa kakhulu ibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali elungisiweyo okanye i-eriyali elungelelanisiweyo.Ngokwesiqhelo, umkhomba-ndlela we-eriyali elungisiweyo uhlala ungaguquguquki ukuya kuthi ga kwipesenti ezi-5 kuphela zebhendi ekufutshane nefrikhwensi yokulungelelanisa, ngelixa kwezinye iifrikhwensi umkhombandlela utshintsha kakhulu kangangokuba unxibelelwano luyaphazamiseka.Ii-eriyali ezithunyiweyo azilufanelanga unxibelelwano lwamaza amafutshane kunye namaza ahlukeneyo.I-eriyali yesigaba esifanayo ethe tyaba, i-eriyali esongiweyo kunye ne-eriyali egoso-goso zizo zonke ii-eriyali ezilungelelanisiweyo.

I-eriyali ethe nkqo

I-eriyali ethe nkqo ibhekisa kwi-eriyali ebekwe ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni.Ineefom ze-symmetric kunye ne-asymmetric, kwaye le yokugqibela isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Ii-eriyali ezithe nkqo ezilinganayo zidla ngokutyiswa embindini.I-eriyali ethe nkqo e-asymmetric ityisa phakathi komzantsi we-eriyali kunye nomhlaba, kwaye ulwalathiso lwayo lwemitha ephezulu lugxininiswe kwicala lomhlaba xa ubude bungaphantsi kwe-1/2 ubude, ngoko ilungele ukusasazwa.I-eriyali ethe nkqo eAsymmetric ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali ethe nkqo emhlabeni.

Galela i-eriyali ye-L

I-eriyali eyenziwe ngokuqhagamshela umkhombandlela othe nkqo kwelinye icala locingo oluthe tye.Ngenxa yokumila kwayo njengonobumba wesiNgesi u-L ejonge phantsi, ibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali eguqulweyo.U-γ weleta yesiRashiya umva L weleta yesiNgesi.Ke ngoko, γ chwetheza i-eriyali ilunge ngakumbi.Luhlobo lwe-eriyali emiswe ngokuthe nkqo.Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-eriyali, indawo yayo ethe tyaba inokuqulunqwa ngeengcingo ezininzi ezilungiselelwe kwinqwelomoya ethe tye, kunye nemitha eveliswa yile nxalenye inokungahoywa, ngelixa i-radiation eveliswa yinxalenye ethe nkqo.Ii-eriyali ze-L eziguqulweyo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunxibelelwano olude lwamaza.Iingenelo zayo ziyisakhiwo esilula kunye nokulungiswa okufanelekileyo;Ukungalungi kuluhlu lweenyawo ezinkulu, ukungahlali kakuhle.

I-eriyali

Embindini wocingo oluthe tye, kukho umkhondo othe nkqo odityanisiweyo, owenziwe njengonobumba wesiNgesi u-T, ngoko ubizwa ngokuba yi-T-antenna.Lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-eriyali emiswe ngokuthe nkqo.Inxalenye ethe tyaba yemitha yemitha ayinanto, i-radiation iveliswa yinxalenye ethe nkqo.Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle, icandelo elithe tyaba linokuqulunqwa ngaphezu kocingo olunye.I-eriyali emile okwe-T ineempawu ezifanayo ne-eriyali eguqulweyo engu-L.Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa amaza amaza kunye nonxibelelwano lwamaza aphakathi.

I-eriyali yesambrela

Phezulu kocingo olunye oluthe nkqo, ii-conductors ezininzi ezithambekileyo zikhokelwa phantsi macala onke, ukuze imilo ye-eriyali ifane ne-ambrela evulekileyo, ngoko ibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali yeambrela.Ikwaluhlobo lwe-eriyali esekwe nkqo.Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuyafana ne-L eguqulweyo kunye ne-eriyali eyi-T.

I-eriyali ye-Whip

I-eriyali ye-whip yi-eriyali yentonga eguquguqukayo, eqhele ukuba yi-1/4 okanye i-1/2 ubude bobude.Uninzi lwee-eriyali zesabhokhwe zisebenzisa umnatha endaweni yocingo oluphantsi.Iimpondo zesabhokhwe ezincinci zihlala zisebenzisa iqokobhe lentsimbi lesikhululo sikanomathotholo esincinci njengothungelwano oluphantsi.Ngamanye amaxesha ukwenzela ukwandisa ukuphakama okusebenzayo kwe-eriyali ye-whip, ezinye iiblade ezincinci ezithethiweyo zingongezwa phezulu kwi-antenna ye-whip okanye i-inductance inokongezwa kwisiphelo esiphakathi se-antenna ye-whip.I-antenna ye-Whip ingasetyenziselwa umatshini wonxibelelwano omncinci, umatshini wokuxoxa, unomathotholo wemoto, njl.

I-eriyali ye-Symmetric

Iingcingo ezimbini zobude obulinganayo, ezinqanyulwe kwi-AT kwiziko kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kwisondlo, zingasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa kunye nokufumana i-eriyali, i-eriyali enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali ye-symmetric.Ngenxa yokuba ngamanye amaxesha ii-eriyali zibizwa ngokuba zii-oscillator, ii-eriyali ezilinganayo zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-oscillator ezisingqinisiso, okanye i-dipole antennas.I-oscillator ye-symmetric enobude obupheleleyo besiqingatha sobude be-wave ibizwa ngokuba yi-oscillator ye-half-wave, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-antenna ye-half-wave dipole.Yeyona antenna isisiseko kwaye yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu.Ii-eriyali ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zenziwe ngayo.I-oscillator ye-half-wave inesakhiwo esilula kunye nokutya okufanelekileyo.Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunxibelelwano olukufutshane nentsimi.

I-eriyali yekheji

Libhendi ebanzi ebuthathaka i-eriyali.Yisilinda engumngxuma ejikelezwe ziingcingo ezininzi endaweni yocingo olunye lwemitha yemitha kwi-eriyali elinganayo, kuba umzimba weradiation umile, ubizwa ngokuba yi-antenna yekheji.Ibhendi yokusebenza ye-eriyali yekheji ibanzi kwaye kulula ukuyicula.Ifanelekile kunxibelelwano olusondeleyo lomgca we-trunk.

I-eriyali yophondo

Yeyohlobo lwe-eriyali elinganayo, kodwa iingalo zayo zombini azicwangciswanga kumgca othe tye, kunye ne-90 ° okanye i-120 ° Engile, ebizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali e-angular.Olu hlobo lwe-eriyali sisixhobo esithe tyaba esithe tyaba, umkhombandlela wayo awubalulekanga.Ukuze ufumane iimpawu zebhendi ebanzi, iingalo zombini ze-eriyali e-angular zinokuphinda zamkele isakhiwo sekheji, esibizwa ngokuba yi-eriyali ye-angular cage.

Ilingana ne-eriyali

Ukugoba i-eriyali egobileyo kwii-eriyali ezilinganayo kuthiwa yi-eriyali esongiweyo.Kukho iindlela ezininzi ze-eriyali eguqulwe ngocingo oluphindwe kabini, i-eriyali eneengcingo ezintathu eziguqulweyo kunye neentambo ezininzi eziguqulweyo.Xa ugoba, okwangoku kwinqanaba elihambelanayo kumgca ngamnye kufuneka libe kwisigaba esifanayo.Xa umgama, yonke i-eriyali ibonakala ngathi yi-eriyali elinganayo.Kodwa xa kuthelekiswa ne-eriyali elinganayo, imitha ye-eriyali eguquliweyo iyaphuculwa.I-impedance yegalelo iyanda ukuququzelela ukudibanisa kunye ne-feeder.I-eriyali esongiweyo yi-eriyali elungisiweyo ene-frequency yokusebenza emxinwa.Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaza amaza amafutshane kunye ne-ultrashort wave bands.

V eriyali

I-antenna equkethe iingcingo ezimbini kwi-Angle komnye nomnye ngokuma kweleta V. I-terminal inokuvulwa okanye idibaniswe nokuchasana ngokulingana ne-impedance ye-antenna.I-antenna ene-V i-unidirectional kwaye i-antenna ephezulu yokuhambisa ikwinqwelo-moya ethe nkqo ecaleni komgca we-Angle.Ukungalungi kwayo kukusebenza okuphantsi kunye neenyawo ezinkulu.

I-eriyali yeRhombic

Yi-eriyali ebanzi.Ibandakanya I-DIAMOND ethe tyaba eHONGWE KWINtsika ezine, enye yedayimani iqhagamshelwe kwi-feeder kwi-Angle ebukhali, kwaye enye iqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal resistance elingana ne-impedance ye-antenna yedayimane.I-unidirectional kwinqwelomoya ethe nkqo ekhomba kwicala le-terminal resistance.

Iingenelo ze-antenna ye-rhombus yinzuzo ephezulu, i-directionality enamandla, ibhendi ebanzi, kulula ukuseta nokugcina;Ukungalungi ngumba omkhulu.Emva kokuba i-eriyali ye-rhomboid ikhubazekile, kukho iindlela ezintathu ze-eriyali ye-rhomboid ephindwe kabini, phendula i-eriyali ye-rhomboid kunye nokugoba i-eriyali ye-rhomboid.I-eriyali ye-Rhombus isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizikhululo eziphakathi kunye nezikhulu ezimfutshane zokwamkela amaza.

Dish cone eriyali

Yi-eriyali yamaza e-ultrashort.Iphezulu i-disc (umzimba we-radiation), isondliwa ngumgca ongundoqo womgca we-coaxial, kwaye i-bottom i-cone, exhunywe kumqhubi wangaphandle we-coaxial line.Isiphumo se-cone siyafana nesomhlaba ongenasiphelo.Ukutshintsha i-engile ethambekileyo yekhowuni kunokutshintsha eyona ndlela iphezulu yokukhanya kwemitha ye-eriyali.Inebhendi yefrikhwensi ebanzi kakhulu.